Temporal sequence of recovery-related events following maximal exercise assessed by heart rate variability and blood lactate concentration.

PURPOSE: To analyse the temporal sequence of recovery events related to autonomic nervous system and metabolic processes following maximal exercise, applying linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood lactate concentration. METHODS: On the following day of the maximum oxygen consumption test, 20 participants firstly lay down for 20 min for resting data collection and then underwent the constant velocity exhaustive test, which consisted in running at 100% of maximal velocity reached on the previous day until exhaustion. Immediately after the end of exercise, the participants kept a supine position for 120 min recovering passively. Prior to exercise and at every 10 min during the recovery time, blood samples were collected to determine lactate concentration, and heart rate variability analysis (time and frequency domain indices and recurrence plot variables) was performed. Friedman's test, complemented with Dunn's multiple comparison test, was used to compare recovery moments and baseline values. RESULTS: From 70 min, no significant differences were detected between lactate concentration and baseline. HRV indices were considered recovered at different timings: at 60 min for SD2; at 70 min for SDNN and LF; at 80 min for RMSSD, HF and SD1 and at 90 min for recurrence plot variables. CONCLUSIONS: During passive recovery after maximal exercise, restoration processes seem to comply an order, considering analysed HRV indices and lactate removal: at first, lactate concentration reaches normal values, allowing sympathovagal reorganization, and then, parasympathetic function is able to complete its reestablishment followed by system complexity recovering.

Analysis of recall bias of information on soccer injuries in adolescents

Abstract Aims: to analyze the recall bias of injury characteristics, anthropometric variables, and training variables in a morbidity survey in adolescent soccer players for a period of four months. Method: cohort study with 198 adolescent male soccer players, divided into two parts: a prospective study over four months, followed by a retrospective study. A morbidity survey containing personal and training data, in addition to information on injuries and their characteristics (anatomical site, mechanism, nature, moment, severity, return to activities and recurrence) was administered weekly for four months, after which the questionnaire was applied again questioning the same information retrospectively for the four-month prospective study period. The data were collected through interviews addressing the occurrence of injuries and respective characteristics. Results: there were weak correlations and concordances for the recall of the occurrence of injury and all related variables. However, regarding the information relating to personal and training data, moderate correlations were observed for the variables height, time of training, weekly hours, absences, and position, as well as excellent correlations for body mass. Conclusions: we observed recall bias in all information about the characteristics of the injuries reported by adolescent soccer players.

Lesões desportivas na natação / Sports injuries in swimming

O estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrência de lesões em nadadores, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta. Fizeram parte desse estudo 215 atletas, de ambos os sexos, participantes dos principais campeonatos promovidos pela Federação Aquática Paulista. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de Inquérito de Morbidade Referida, constituído por perguntas relacionadas ao atleta, modalidade e referentes ao tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão. A análise entre variáveis antropométricas e presença de lesão foi realizada pelo teste t de Student ou pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney. Para relação entre as especificidades e o tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão, utilizou-se o teste de Goodman. Resultados significantes foram obtidos entre os atletas lesionados com mais idade e anos de treinamento. Segundo o mecanismo da lesão, o volume dos treinos é a principal causa de ocorrências de lesões e as tendinopatias são as lesões mais comuns. O ombro é o local mais acometido pelas diferentes especialidades, com exceção dos nadadores de peito que referiram a virilha. Conclui-se a partir dos achados que a exposição dos nadadores a prática esportiva associada ao volume de treinamento estão relacionadas com as frequentes lesões nestes atletas.

The study aimed to analyze the occurrence of injuries in swimmers, linking them to specific risk factors of the sport and the athlete. The present study evaluated 215 athletes of both sexes participating in the major championships, sponsored by the Aquatic Federation of São Paulo. Data were collected through a Morbidity Survey, consisting of questions related to the athlete, modality, as well as injury type, mechanism and site. Analysis between anthropometric variables and injury presence was performed by Student's t test or nonparametric Mann Whitney test. Goodman test was used for determination of specific relationship between injury type and site. Significant results were obtained between the older injured athletes and years of training. According to the injury mechanism, the training volume is the main cause of injury and tendinopathy are the most common examples. The shoulder is the site most affected by the different specialties, except for the breaststroke swimmers who reported the groin. The findings here state that exposure of swimmers to sports practice associated with the training volume is related to the frequent injuries in these athletes.

Correlação entre padrão postural em jovens praticantes do atletismo / Correlation of the postural standard in young track and field practitioners

O estudo objetivou observar o alinhamento corporal de jovens atletas praticantes de atletismo e analisar a associação de tais padrões dentro e entre os grupos de provas desta modalidade. Participaram 63 atletas de ambos os sexos e o protocolo de coleta para análise postural baseou-se na observação e registro fotográfico com marcações nos principais acidentes ósseos visando à verificação do alinhamento dessas estruturas. Os segmentos considerados para análise foram: tronco, pelve, joelho e tornozelo. Foi utilizado para análise dos dados o teste de Goodman para contrastes entre e dentro de proporções binomiais. Os resultados mostraram que saltadores (58,33 por cento) e arremessadores/lançadores (50,00 por cento) apresentam o tronco em posição mais equilibrada que atletas de resistência (5,56 por cento). Na região do quadril, arremessadores/lançadores apresentaram predomínio de pelve com rotação esquerda (66,67 por cento), enquanto nos saltadores foi observada elevada frequência de anteversão pélvica (58,33 por cento). A observação do joelho revelou altas taxas de normalidade e recurvatum em fundistas, valgo nos arremessadores/lançadores (50,00 por cento) e varo para os demais grupos. Para a articulação do tornozelo, nota-se que, exceto os saltadores, os grupos apresentaram predominância de valgismo. Conclui-se que, para atender às características particulares de cada prova, níveis distintos de postura são estabelecidos.

The aim of this study was to observe the body alignment of young athletes practicing athletics and analyze the combination of such patterns within and between groups of this modality. The sample was composed of 63 athletes of both sexes and the postural analysis protocol was based on observation and photographic record with markings on bone's accidents to verify the alignment of these structures. The segments considered in the analysis were: trunk, pelvis, knee and ankle. The Goodmann's test for contrasts between and within binomial proportions was used for data analysis. The results showed that jumpers (58.33 percent) and throwers/launchers (50.00 percent) presented the trunk in more balanced position than resistance athletes (5.56 percent). At the hip region, throwers/ launchers presented predominance of pelvis with left rotation (66.67 percent), while in jumpers was observed high frequencies for pelvic anteversion (58,33 percent). The knee observation revealed that resistance athletes presented normality and recurvatum, valgus in throwers/ launchers (50,00 percent) and varus for the other groups. For the ankle, except for jumpers, all groups showed predominance of valgism. It is concluded that to reach the specific characteristics of each population, different levels of posture are established.

Métodos de recuperação pós-exercício: uma revisão sistemática / Post-exercise recovery methods: a systematic review

A recuperação pós-exercício consiste em restaurar os sistemas do corpo a sua condição basal, proporcionando equilíbrio e prevenindo a instalação de lesões e, nesse sentido, torna-se aspecto importante de todo programa de condicionamento físico, em quaisquer níveis de desempenho, mas, sobretudo nos mais elevados. O objetivo desta revisão foi reunir informações e descrever as respostas proporcionadas por métodos recuperativos pós-exercício, como crioterapia, contraste, massagem e recuperação ativa, constituindo uma fonte de atualização do referido tema. Utilizaram-se os bancos de dados MedLine, Scielo e Lilacs, como lista de periódicos, o SportsDiscus. Foram incluídos no estudo somente ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados e não-controlados, além de artigos de revisão referentes ao tema proposto. Optou-se por procurar os termos: cryotherapy, massage, active recovery, thermotherapy, immersion e exercise, individualmente e em cruzamentos. Como achado, observou-se que alguns estudos relatam que a crioterapia é prejudicial em se tratando de recuperação pós-exercício, pois reduz o desempenho imediatamente após a aplicação da técnica. Por outro lado, estudos apontam como sendo benéfica, pois reduzem o nível de creatinaquinase após alta intensidade de esforço, evitando danos musculares. Para o contraste, embora apresente significância em se tratando de remoção de lactato sanguíneo, sua efetividade necessita ser mais bem discutida. Na massagem e na recuperação ativa, os principais vieses descritos dizem respeito à pressão exercida e à intensidade do exercício, respectivamente. Entre as técnicas, as que parecem ter efeitos semelhantes são o contraste e a recuperação ativa, no que tange à remoção de lactato e diminuição da creatinaquinase. Ressalta-se que o tempo de exposição é de fundamental importância para todos os métodos. Entretanto, diversos estudos não se propõem a identificar os reais efeitos fisiológicos promovidos pelas técnicas, utilizando-as...

The post-exercise recovery consists in restoring the body systems to baseline condition, providing balance and preventing injuries installation and, in that sense; it becomes an important aspect of every fitness program, at any levels of performance, but especially in higher levels. The objective of this review was to gather information and to describe the responses provided by post-exercise recovery methods, such as cryotherapy, contrast water immersion, massage and active recovery, providing an update on this issue. MedLine, Scielo and Lilacs databases were used, as well as the SportsDiscus list of journals. Only randomized controlled and non-controlled clinical essays, in addition to review articles concerning the proposed topic were included. Our choice was for the search terms: cryotherapy, massage, active recovery, thermotherapy, immersion and exercise, individually and combined. It was observed that some studies report that cryotherapy is harmful concerning post-exercise recovery, once it reduces performance immediately after the technique application. On the other hand, studies point it as being beneficial due to its reduction in the creatine kinase level after exercise, avoiding hence muscle damage. Concerning contrast water immersion, although it presents significance when it comes to blood lactate removal, its effectiveness needs to be better discussed. Regarding massage and active recovery, the main described biases relate to the pressure and intensity of the exercise, respectively. Among the techniques, contrast water immersion and active recovery seem to have similar effects concerning lactate removal and creatine kinase decrease. It is highlighted that the exposure time is crucial for all methods. However, several studies do not try to identify the real physiological effects promoted by the techniques, having them in limited use. Therefore, the inconsistency of the results found suggests that the assessed variables used...

Lesões desportivas na ginástica artística: estudo a partir de morbidade referida / Sports injuries in artistic gymnastics: a study from referred morbidity

INTRODUÇÃO: Os níveis de exigência biomecânica devidos ao alto grau de dificuldade na realização de gestos fazem da ginástica artística (GA) uma modalidade com elevado risco de lesões. Assim, é necessário que os aspectos a elas relacionados sejam controlados. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões na Ginástica Artística, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta, a partir de inquérito de morbidade referida. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 54 ginastas, recrutados ao acaso, classificados segundo o nível competitivo em duas categorias: regional e nacional. Utilizou-se o inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR) com a finalidade de reunir dados sobre a natureza da lesão, região corporal e aparelho ginástico. Os dados foram organizados e apresentados sob a forma de distribuição de freqüências e as variáveis, analisadas segundo nível de associação a partir do teste de Goodman para contrastes entre populações multinomiais, considerando significante o valor P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Presença de lesão durante a temporada foi relatada por 39 (71,70 por cento) atletas, sendo 22 (56,41 por cento) mulheres e 17 (43,59 por cento) homens. Nas categorias regional masculino e feminino e nacional feminino, a maior ocorrência de lesões foi de origem articular, correspondendo a 55,56 por cento, 50 por cento e 45,45 por cento do total, respectivamente. Para o sexo feminino nacional, os membros inferiores foram os mais referidos (68,18 por cento) e, em ambas as categorias, as lesões ocorreram nos aparelhos de saltos (79,41 por cento), enquanto que no sexo masculino nacional o maior número de agravos foi verificado nos aparelhos de apoio e suspensão (72 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Há elevada freqüência de lesões, acometendo principalmente articulações e membros inferiores, sendo os aparelhos de saltos os mais referidos quanto à ocorrência de acometimentos. Foi observado também que, quanto maiores as exigências de desempenho técnico, maior a...

INTRODUCTION: The levels of biomechanical demands due to the high level of difficulty in the gestures accomplishment make Artistic Gymnastics (AG) a modality with high risk of injuries. Thus, it is necessary that the aspects concerned with them are controlled. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of injuries in artistic gymnastics, associating them with specific risk factors of the modality and of the athlete from reported morbidity survey. METHODS: 54 gymnasts randomly recruited have been interviewed and classified according to their competitive level into two categories: regional and national. The reported morbidity questionnaire (RMQ) was used with the purpose to collect data on the injury's nature, body region and gymnastic apparatus. Data were organized and presented under frequency distribution and analyzed variables. The variables were analyzed according to their level of association from the Goodmann's test for contrasts between multinomials populations considering significant value p<0.05. RESULTS: 39 (71.70 percent) athletes have reported injury during the season, being 22 of them (56.41) women and 17 (43.59 percent) men. In the regional male and female categories and in the national female, the largest reported occurrence of injuries was articular, corresponding to 55.56 percent, 50 percent and 45.45 percent of the total, respectively. For the national female category, the lower limbs were the most affected (68.18 percent). In female, the most frequent injuries occurred in the jumps (79.41 percent), while in national male the highest number of complaints has been reported in the support and suspension moves (72 percent). CONCLUSIONS: There is high frequency of injuries, especially in the joints and lower limbs, being the jump events the most mentioned concerning occurrence. It has also been observed that the higher the level of demand, the higher the occurrence of injuries.